Introduction to Sustainability
While living as my alter ego, an Engineer, I have learnt a few things about Sustainability. So I thought I would give a brief introduction to a few Sustainable Engineering principles.
Sustainability is where you can keep on doing something forever, unlike Moa hunting, whaling, sealing and logging Kauri trees.
I hate pollution, oil must surely run out the way we are using it, and its prudent to expect greenhouse gases to cause global warming.
To become more sustainable, the idea is to reduce waste.
Sustainable Transport
Transport currently wastes a huge amount of energy. A fully loaded train is more efficient than a bus. This is even more so when people are employed to cram in extras Hong Kong style. An 8 tonne bus with 60 people is more efficient that a 1.3 tonne car with 1 person, although a car gives greater flexibility.
A car can be made more efficient if it uses lightweight materials like fibreglass and carbon fibre rather than 1.3 tonnes of metal, as well as through regenerative breaking systems. Petrol-electric hybrid cars can recover breaking energy using their electric motors/dynamos. But no matter how efficient cars get, scooters and motorbikes are still going to use less energy. Bicycles will continue to use even less.
Vehicle efficiency is only half the picture. Cities such as Auckland are built according to the car. As everyone has a car, our offices, shopping malls and recreation facilities are on the outskirts, where the only realistic way to get to them is by driving. So everyone buys a car. So new workplaces, shopping malls and recreation facilities are built in places where you need a car to get to them. The spiral of doom.
A much better city has a high population density along public transport routes, with destinations at or near the train stations. A train station is a great place to put a movie theatre.
It also takes many more motorway lanes to carry the same amount of people if the motorway is jammed with cars rather than buses.
Sustainable BuildingsFor Sustainable buildings the idea is to waste less in construction, waste less during operation and have it last forever so that there is no waste in demolition.
To waste less energy during operation, the idea is to create buildings requiring neither air-conditioning nor heating. The exterior walls and windows should be well insulated. Inside the house should be concrete slabs or masonry block walls to absorb heat on a hot day and slowly release it on cold days. Shades can be designed so more sun comes in through windows during the winter than summer. There are computer programs available that model a building’s temperature to help it achieve a comfortable temperature year round.
One building where air conditioning was still required, but a clever solution was used, was the Invercargill ice skating ring. The heat taken from water to create ice is then used to heat the swimming pool next door.
Sustainable Manufacturing
For manufacturing, the idea is that nothing should be ‘waste’. Any by-products should then be reused in something else. When an item gets old, as many parts as possible should be reused in new products. Instead of buying an appliance, the appliance, including packaging, is ‘rented’ so that when it is no longer needed the manufacturer takes it back to reuse or recycle its components.